B.C:Wordsworth Preface to the Lyrical Ballad

 Bridge Course

This blog is a response to bridge course of Wordsworth's Preface to the  Lyrical Ballads by Dr. Dilip Barad Sir, the Department of English,MKBU. In this blog I am going to explain how French Revolution influenced Wordsworth's romanticism.

Introduction

Preface to the Lyrical Ballads is an important literary manifesto written by Willam Wordsworth, often considered the foundational document of the Romantic movement in English literature focuses on individualism, nature, and the power of emotion in poetry.

Now let's explain how French Revolution influenced Wordsworth's  Romanticism:

Q - (i)Response of how French Revolution influenced Wordsworth's romanticism?

Response: Certainly, the influence of the French Revolution on William Wordsworth and the development of Romanticism in his poetry can be explored in more detail. The French Revolution, which began in 1789 and continued into the early 19th century, had a profound impact on Wordsworth's thinking and literary works. Here's a more in-depth explanation of this influence:

1. Initial Enthusiasm:

 At the outset of the French Revolution, Wordsworth, like many intellectuals of his time, was enthusiastic about the revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. These principles resonated with the Romantic emphasis on individual freedom and social justice. Wordsworth saw the revolution as a symbol of hope for a better world.

2. Natural Innocence and Purity:

A central theme in Wordsworth's poetry is the idea of natural innocence and purity. The upheaval of the French Revolution, which sought to overturn the established order, mirrored Wordsworth's belief in the innate goodness of humanity when uncorrupted by society. He believed that individuals, like nature, possessed inherent beauty and goodness.

3. Nature as a Source of Inspiration:

 Wordsworth's deep connection with nature is a hallmark of Romanticism, and the tumultuous events of the French Revolution reinforced his belief in the restorative power of the natural world. He found solace in nature as a counterbalance to the social and political turmoil of the era. Nature, in his poetry, often represents a source of spiritual and emotional renewal.

4. Emotion and Subjectivity: 

The Romantic movement placed a strong emphasis on individual emotion and subjectivity. The intense emotions, fervor, and passion that characterized the French Revolution resonated with Wordsworth and influenced his poetic style. His poetry delves into the inner emotional landscapes of individuals, exploring their joys, sorrows, and hopes.

5. Spirit of Revolution: 

While Wordsworth was initially sympathetic to the French Revolution's goals, he, like many others, became disillusioned with its violence and excesses. However, the spirit of revolution and the idea of challenging the established order left a lasting impact on his work. He continued to believe in the potential for personal and societal transformation.

6. The Sublime and the Beautiful:

 The dramatic events of the French Revolution contributed to the Romantic fascination with the sublime (awe-inspiring and overwhelming) and the beautiful. Wordsworth's poetry often explores these themes, portraying nature as both a sublime force and a source of beauty. The revolutionary events served as a backdrop to his exploration of these aesthetic concepts.

 Conclusion:

 The French Revolution played a multifaceted role in shaping Wordsworth's Romantic poetry. It influenced his beliefs about human nature, the power of individual emotion, the importance of nature, and the potential for societal transformation. While he initially embraced the revolutionary ideals, his evolving views and the turbulent events of the era continued to inform his poetic vision, ultimately contributing to the development of Romanticism as a literary movement. Wordsworth's exploration of these themes in his poetry helped define the Romantic era and its enduring legacy in literature.

# For more better understanding you can watch these videos given:

Work sited from Chatgpt.

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Absalom and Achitophel by John Drden

Thinking activity

Absalom and Achitophel by John Dryden

This blog is a response to thinking activity of Absalom and Achitophel assigned by Dr. Dilip Barad Sir, the Department of English, MKBU. In this blog I am going to present comment upon the beginning of the Poem.

Introduction:

Absalom and Achitophel, Verse Satire by English Poet, John Dryden Published in 1681.Written in Heroic Couplets.

Here I  have presented comment  on the begging of the first ten lines from the original Poem Absalom and Achitophel:

In pious times, ere priest-craft did begin, Before polygamy was made a sin; When man, on many, multipli'd his kind, Ere one to one was cursedly confin'd: When Nature prompted, and no Law deni'd Promiscuous use of concubine and bride; Then, Israel's monarch, after Heaven's own heart, His vigorous warmth did variously impart To wives and slaves: and, wide as his command, Scatter'd his Maker's image through the land.

These lines are from a poem that appears to reflect on a time in the past when societal and moral norms were different from what they are today. Let's comment on the various aspects of the poem:

1. Pious Times and Priest-Craft:

 The poem starts by referring to a period of "pious times," suggesting a more devout or religious era. However, it also mentions "priest-craft," which can be interpreted as the rise of religious authorities and their influence on moral codes.

2. Polygamy:

 The poem highlights that in these earlier times, polygamy (the practice of having multiple spouses) was not considered sinful or morally wrong. This contrasts with later periods when monogamy became the norm in many cultures.

3. Multiplication of Offspring: 

The poem suggests that during this era, people had multiple partners and, as a result, had many children, which contributed to the growth of the population.

4. Monogamy as a Curse:

 It mentions that the transition from multiple partners to monogamy was seen as a curse ("cursedly confin'd"). This might imply that some individuals or societies resisted the shift to monogamy.

5. Natural Desires and No Legal Restrictions:

 The poem underscores that people followed their natural desires, and there were no laws or societal norms restricting the promiscuous use of concubines (secondary wives) and regular wives.

6. Reference to Israel's Monarch: 

The poem then turns to a specific historical figure, likely King David from the Bible, who is described as "after Heaven's own heart." King David is known in the Bible for having multiple wives and concubines.

7. Prolific Offspring:

 The poem emphasizes that this king had numerous wives and slaves, and his authority extended widely. His numerous relationships resulted in many descendants who were considered to bear the image of God throughout the land.

Conclusion:

Overall, these lines seem to reflect on a historical period when sexual and marital practices were different from contemporary norms. The poem may be commenting on the evolution of societal norms, particularly regarding marriage and monogamy, as well as the influence of religious authorities in shaping these norms over time. It also highlights the idea of a powerful and prolific king in ancient Israel who had many relationships and offspring.

And to understand more in a better way you can watch the videoes of  the poem given below:

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Percy Bysshe Shelley

As a Student of Department Of English,MKBU.I am going to write on a thinking task as a part of blog on behalf of greatest Romantic poet P.B.Shelley.

Percy Bysshe Shelley 

An Introduction:

NAME: Percy Bysshe Shelley

D.O.B: 4th August, 1792

BIRTH PLACE: Field place,Harsham England

DIED: 8th July, 1882

OCCUPATION: Poet,Dramatist,Essayist, Novelist

LITERARY MOVEMENT: Romanticism

INFLUENCES: John Milton

INFLUENCED: Willam Butler Yeats,Jan Kasprowicz,Alfred Nobel, Gregory Corse

# Write a Critical essay on P.B.Shelley as a Romantic Poet.

Response: 

Percy Bysshe Shelley, a seminal figure in the Romantic literary movement, occupies a hallowed place in the annals of English poetry. His body of work, characterized by a profound exploration of the human spirit, an unshakable commitment to individualism, and a fervent connection to nature, firmly establishes him as an exemplar of Romantic ideals. Shelley's poetic journey, marked by its audacious challenges to established norms and its lyrical celebration of the sublime, endures as a testament to his enduring legacy within the Romantic tradition.Shelley's early works, including "Queen Mab" and "Alastor," serve as a compelling testament to his Romantic ethos. In these poems, Shelley immerses himself in the realm of the supernatural and the mysterious, reflecting the Romantic fascination with the unknown and the introspective. His vivid imagery and lyrical prowess evoke a sense of wonder, inviting readers to explore the depths of the human psyche and the enigmatic forces that shape our existence. This willingness to delve into the shadowy recesses of human experience typifies Shelley's Romantic sensibility.One of Shelley's most remarkable contributions to Romantic poetry lies in his emphasis on individualism and the transformative power of the human imagination. In "Prometheus Unbound," he portrays the titular character as a symbol of the individual's unyielding spirit in the face of oppressive forces. Prometheus's triumph over the tyrannical gods underscores Shelley's belief in the redemptive potential of the self. This theme would reverberate through the works of subsequent Romantic poets, such as Wordsworth and Coleridge, who celebrated the poet as a solitary visionary and a conduit for profound truths.Shelley's profound connection to nature, vividly portrayed in "Ode to the West Wind," encapsulates another vital aspect of Romanticism. Here, he reveres nature's elemental power and its role as a wellspring of inspiration. His evocative imagery, with the wind serving as a metaphor for the poet's transformative role, resonates with the Romantic reverence for the natural world. Shelley's ability to infuse nature with spiritual significance aligns with the broader Romantic preoccupation with the sublime in the natural landscape.Moreover, Shelley's poetry often ventured into the political and social realms, exemplified by works like "The Mask of Anarchy" and "Ozymandias." These poems reflect his fervent commitment to social justice and reform, mirroring the Romantics' engagement with the tumultuous times they lived in. Shelley's call for a more equitable and compassionate society through his verses aligns seamlessly with the Romantic belief in literature as a force for societal change.

In conclusion, Percy Bysshe Shelley emerges as a quintessential Romantic poet whose enduring contributions to the movement remain a testament to his artistic brilliance and visionary spirit. His poetry captures the core tenets of Romanticism, from its profound exploration of the human psyche to its celebration of individualism and its unyielding connection to the natural world. Shelley's works continue to inspire and resonate with readers, underscoring his lasting impact on the Romantic tradition and the wider world of poetry.

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Rape of The Lock

Hello friends,  it's me Reshma the Student of Department Of English,MKBU. I am going to share my thinking task on the given questions by  Vaidehi Haryani miss.

The Rape Of The Lock

By Alexander Pope

This blog is based on the given questions.

So here we go, with 1st question.

Q.1 According to you, who is the protagonist of the poem Clarissa or Belinda? Why? Give your answer with logical reasons.

Response:  "The Rape of the Lock," the protagonist is Belinda. This choice is supported by the following logical reasons:

1. Narrative Focus: The poem primarily revolves around Belinda's character and her experiences. The poem begins with a focus on her morning ritual and her preparations, and it culminates with her reaction to the loss of her lock of hair.

2. Moral Lesson: Belinda serves as the central character through whom Alexander Pope conveys his moral and satirical message about the vanity and triviality of the aristocratic society of the time. Her obsession with her appearance and the dramatic reaction to the theft of her lock of hair highlight these themes.

3. Thematic Significance: The title itself, "The Rape of the Lock," underscores the importance of Belinda's stolen lock of hair as a central event in the poem. The term "rape" here refers to the violation of her personal property, emphasizing its significance to the narrative.

4. Character Development: Throughout the poem, Belinda undergoes character development as she moves from a state of distress and outrage to a realization about the importance of maintaining a sense of proportion and not being overly concerned with superficial matters.

While other characters, including Clarissa and the Baron, have their roles and importance in the story, it is Belinda's character that takes center stage in terms of narrative focus, thematic relevance, and character development, making her the protagonist of "The Rape of the Lock."

Belinda's sketch

Q.2 What is beauty? Write your views about it.

Response: She was as beautiful as every eye was fixed on her alone.which according to the Rape of the Lock, but my views towards beauty is not looking good but what good skills we have within ourselves.Beauty is a concept that is both deeply personal and culturally influenced, making it a multifaceted and subjective idea. Here are some perspectives on beauty:

1. Subjectivity :Beauty is highly subjective, varying from person to person. What one person finds beautiful, another may not. It often depends on individual preferences, experiences, and cultural backgrounds.

2. Aesthetics: In the realm of aesthetics, beauty is often associated with qualities like symmetry, balance, and harmony. Many classic works of art and architecture strive to achieve these qualities to create visually pleasing experiences.

3. Inner Beauty: Beyond physical appearance, many people believe that inner qualities, such as kindness, empathy, and intelligence, contribute significantly to a person's beauty. Inner beauty can radiate and enhance one's external appearance.

4. Cultural Influences: Beauty standards are heavily influenced by culture and society. What is considered beautiful can vary greatly from one culture to another and evolve over time. Media, fashion, and advertising also play a significant role in shaping these standards.

5. Timelessness: Some believe that true beauty transcends trends and fads. It is enduring and remains attractive across generations.

6. Nature: Many find beauty in nature, from breathtaking landscapes to the intricate patterns found in flora and fauna. The natural world often inspires a sense of awe and wonder.

7. Emotion and Perception: Beauty is often linked to emotions. Something beautiful can evoke feelings of joy, admiration, or even a sense of the sublime. It has the power to move us emotionally.

8. Personal Growth: Some people see beauty in personal growth and self-improvement. The journey of becoming a better, more authentic version of oneself can be considered beautiful.

In essence, beauty is a complex and deeply human concept. It encompasses physical attributes, inner qualities, cultural influences, and emotional responses. It can be found in the world around us, within ourselves, and in the connections we make with others. Ultimately, beauty is a dynamic and evolving idea that continues to be a source of fascination and inspiration for people worldwide.

Q.3 Write your views about the significance of hair. Is it symbolic?

Response: Hair holds significant symbolic and cultural importance across different societies and historical periods. Its symbolism varies widely, but it often represents various aspects of identity, individuality, and cultural expression. Hair can be seen as symbolic in several ways:

1. Identity: Hair plays a crucial role in shaping one's identity. It can be a source of personal expression, reflecting a person's style, beliefs, and cultural background. The way people choose to wear their hair, whether long or short, natural or styled, can communicate a lot about their identity.

2. Gender and Sexuality: Hair is often linked to gender identity and sexual expression. Traditionally, long hair has been associated with femininity, while short hair is considered more masculine. However, these conventions are increasingly being challenged as society reevaluates gender norms and expectations.

3. Spirituality and Religion: In various cultures, hair has spiritual significance. For example, in Sikhism, uncut hair is a symbol of spirituality and adherence to religious beliefs. In some Indigenous cultures, hair can symbolize a connection to nature and the spiritual world.

4. Social Status and Class: Throughout history, hair has been associated with social status and class distinctions. Elaborate hairstyles and wigs were often worn by the wealthy and powerful in societies like 18th-century Europe. Conversely, simple or shaved hairstyles might signify humility or servitude.

5. Mourning and Rituals: In some cultures, hair is associated with rituals and customs. It can be cut or shaved during mourning periods or as a form of purification and renewal.

6. Rebellion and Nonconformity: Hair can also be a symbol of rebellion and nonconformity. Counterculture movements in the 1960s embraced long, unkempt hair as a rejection of mainstream societal norms.

7. Health and Vitality: The condition of one's hair can symbolize health and vitality. Shiny, well-groomed hair is often associated with well-being, while hair loss or graying can be seen as signs of aging or illness.

- In conclusion, hair is indeed symbolic in various ways, and its significance can vary widely depending on cultural, historical, and personal contexts. It serves as a canvas for self-expression, a marker of identity, and a reflection of societal values and norms. Whether as a statement of individuality, a source of pride, or a means of connecting to tradition and spirituality, hair continues to be a powerful symbol in our diverse and ever-evolving world.

Q.4 Find out a research paper on "The Rape of the Lock". Give the details of the paper and write down in brief what it says about the Poem by Alexander Pope.

Response: To find research papers on "The Rape of the Lock" by Alexander Pope, you can follow these steps:

1. Academic Databases: Utilize academic databases that specialize in literature and literary criticism. Some popular ones include JSTOR, ProQuest, MLA International Bibliography, and Google Scholar.

2. Keyword Search: In the search bar of the chosen database, enter relevant keywords like "The Rape of the Lock Alexander Pope research paper" or "analysis of The Rape of the Lock." You can also try variations of these keywords to refine your search.

3. Filter and Sort:After conducting your initial search, you may want to filter the results by publication date, academic journals, or relevance. This helps you find the most recent and reputable research papers.

4. Accessing Papers:Some papers may be freely available, while others might require institutional access or purchase. If you have access to a university or academic library, you can often access these papers for free through your institution's subscriptions.

5. Citations: Look at the citations in the papers you find. Often, one research paper will lead you to others that are related and may be of interest to your study.

6. Library Resources:If you are affiliated with a university or academic institution, make use of your library's resources and librarians. They can provide guidance on finding relevant research materials.

Remember that while searching for research papers, you can also explore books, book chapters, and essays dedicated to the analysis of "The Rape of the Lock" for a more comprehensive understanding of the poem and its critical reception.

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As being the Student of Department of English,MKBU. I'm Reshma here who is going to write a blog on behalf of the topic on given task of Sunday Reading.

Here we begin;

Post Truth

#What do we mean by Post-Truth?

- "Post-truth" refers to a situation or condition in which emotions, personal beliefs, or opinions have more influence on public opinion and decision-making than objective facts and evidence. In a post-truth environment, people may be more likely to accept and spread information that aligns with their pre-existing views, even if it's false or misleading, while dismissing or ignoring factual information that contradicts their beliefs. This term gained prominence in discussions about politics and media in the 21st century, highlighting concerns about the erosion of trust in institutions and the increasing prevalence of misinformation and disinformation.

# Various definition of Post-Truth.

"Post-truth" has been defined in various ways by different scholars and experts, but the core concept remains consistent. Here are some definitions of "post-truth" from different sources:

1. Oxford English Dictionary: "Relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief."

2. The philosopher Steve Fuller: "A situation in which the public can no longer distinguish between truth and opinion."

3. The journalist Matthew d'Ancona: "The moment when the truth loses its power to shape opinion, when it matters less than how information makes you feel."

4. The writer Ralph Keyes: "A moment when truth is upstaged by belief."

5. The cultural critic Lee McIntyre: "Post-truth is the political subordination of reality."

- These definitions all capture the idea that in a post-truth era, objective facts and evidence become less influential in shaping public opinion compared to emotional appeals, personal beliefs, or political agendas. It's a phenomenon where perception and emotion often outweigh empirical reality in the public discourse.

# The understanding of Post-Truth in easy words.

- Post-truth means that feelings and personal beliefs are more important to people than facts when they form opinions or make decisions. In this situation, misinformation can spread easily because people prefer information that aligns with their emotions and beliefs, even if it's not true.

# Few examples of Post-Truth.

- Post-truth is evident in various aspects of contemporary society. In politics, it's seen when politicians make false claims or manipulate emotions to sway voters, often prioritizing their narrative over factual accuracy. Social media amplifies post-truth with the rapid spread of sensational but unverified information, leading to the acceptance of rumors or misinformation. Conspiracy theories, driven by emotional appeal rather than evidence, gain followers and undermine trust in established truths. Health misinformation, like unproven COVID-19 treatments, thrives in a post-truth climate, as people may prefer comforting falsehoods over scientific evidence. Climate change denial also exemplifies post-truth, where some reject overwhelming scientific consensus for beliefs aligned with their emotions or ideologies. These examples underscore the influence of feelings and personal beliefs over objective truth in today's discourse.

Dryden's Essay

Hello! 

I'm Reshma the Student of Department of English, MKBU. I am going to write on the given respective thinking task on Dryden's Essay on Dramatic Poesy.

DRYDEN'S ESSAY ON DRAMATIC POESY :

Q.1 Difference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of Play?

Response: Aristotle and John Dryden were both influential figures in the history of literature and drama, but they lived in different eras and had distinct perspectives on the nature of tragedy and drama. Let's explore the differences between Aristotle's definition of tragedy and Dryden's definition of play:

**Aristotle's Definition of Tragedy:**

Aristotle's ideas on tragedy are primarily outlined in his work "Poetics." According to Aristotle, a tragedy is a form of drama that adheres to specific principles:

1. **Catharsis:** Aristotle believed that the primary purpose of a tragedy was to arouse emotions of pity and fear in the audience and then to purify or cleanse these emotions through catharsis. This catharsis, he argued, would lead to emotional and moral growth in the spectators.

2. **Plot Structure:** Aristotle emphasized the importance of a well-structured plot. He introduced the idea of the "Three Unities," which include unity of time (the action should occur within a single day), unity of place (the action should take place in a single location), and unity of action (the plot should have a single, focused storyline).

3. **Tragic Hero:** A tragic hero, according to Aristotle, is a character of noble stature who experiences a reversal of fortune due to a tragic flaw (hamartia). This reversal leads to their downfall, and the audience should feel a sense of both pity and fear for the character.

**John Dryden's Definition of Play:**

John Dryden, an English poet, critic, and playwright from the 17th century, had a different approach to drama. His ideas were influenced by the changing theatrical practices of his time:

1. **Heroic Drama:** Dryden was a proponent of a type of drama called "heroic drama." He believed that drama should reflect the grandeur and elevated language of classical epics. In heroic drama, the characters often had heroic qualities and spoke in verse.

2. **Unity of Action and Verisimilitude:** While Aristotle emphasized unity of action, Dryden placed more importance on verisimilitude, or the appearance of truth. He argued that the events in a play should be believable and that the audience should be able to connect with the characters and situations presented on stage.

3. **Variety and Entertainment:** Dryden believed that drama should entertain and engage the audience. He was less concerned with strictly adhering to Aristotle's rules and was more open to experimentation and innovation in the theater.

 - In summary, Aristotle's definition of tragedy focused on the emotional and moral impact of a well-structured plot and the catharsis it produces, while Dryden's definition of play, particularly in the context of heroic drama, emphasized the use of elevated language, verisimilitude, and the entertainment value of drama. These two definitions reflect the evolving nature of dramatic theory and practice over time.

Q.2 Topic related to Dryden as "Father of  English criticism".

Q.2 Response: John Dryden's contributions to English literary criticism are indeed noteworthy, and several aspects of his work and ideas solidify his role as a significant figure in the development of English criticism. Here are some key topics related to John Dryden as a prominent figure in English criticism:

1. **Prefaces and Critical Essays:** Dryden wrote numerous critical essays and prefaces to his own works and the works of other writers. These writings often contained his thoughts on the principles of literature, poetry, and drama. His prefaces to his translations of Virgil's "Aeneid" and his "Essay of Dramatic Poesy" are particularly famous.

2. **Restoration Criticism:** Dryden lived during the Restoration period in English history, and his critical writings reflect the changing literary tastes and standards of the time. He played a significant role in shaping the literary norms and preferences of the late 17th century.

3. **Neoclassical Influence:** Dryden was influenced by neoclassical principles of literature, which stressed the importance of adhering to classical rules and structures in poetry and drama. His critical works often discuss the application of these principles to English literature.

4. **The Ancients vs. the Moderns:** Dryden engaged in the debate between the "Ancients" (classical writers) and the "Moderns" (contemporary writers). He defended the value and achievements of modern English literature and drama, asserting that they could stand up to the classics of antiquity.

5. **Verisimilitude and Realism:** Dryden explored the concept of verisimilitude (the appearance of truth) in literature, arguing that a work of fiction should strive for believability. This notion had a significant impact on the development of the English novel.

6. **Dramatic Structure:** In "An Essay of Dramatic Poesy," Dryden discussed the principles of dramatic structure, including the importance of unity of action and the role of rhyme in drama.

7. **Influence on Later Critics:** Dryden's critical ideas and writings influenced later literary critics, including Samuel Johnson and Alexander Pope. His emphasis on clarity, reason, and the importance of following established rules had a lasting impact on English literary criticism.

While John Dryden may not be exclusively known as "The Father of English Criticism," he made substantial contributions to the field of literary criticism in the context of his time. His ideas and writings played a crucial role in shaping the course of English literary criticism and aesthetics in the 17th and 18th centuries.

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METAPHYSICAL POETRY

 Hello!

Here, I" am  Reshma Bilakhiya the Student of Department of English, MKBU. Where the task writing was given to me on the topic Metaphysical Poet.

Thinking Task:

METAPHYSICAL POETS

                                         # Meaning of Metaphysical

 # Definition of Metaphysical Poet

The term "metaphysical" can have different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. Here are two primary definitions:

1. **Metaphysical as a Philosophical Concept:**

   - In philosophy, "metaphysical" refers to a branch of philosophy that deals with fundamental questions about the nature of reality, existence, and the relationship between mind and matter. Metaphysics explores abstract concepts that go beyond the physical world, such as the nature of being, causality, time, space, and the existence of abstract entities like numbers or universals. It delves into questions about what is real and how we can understand the fundamental structure of the universe.

2. **Metaphysical as a Literary and Artistic Movement:**

   - In literature and the arts, "metaphysical" is often used to describe a specific literary and artistic movement that emerged in the 17th century in England. This movement is known as Metaphysical Poetry. Metaphysical poets, including John Donne, George Herbert, and Andrew Marvell, wrote poems characterized by intellectual and philosophical themes, complex metaphors, wit, and a style that often blended the spiritual and the physical. Their poetry often explored profound questions about love, religion, and the human condition.

 - In both cases, the term "metaphysical" refers to a focus on abstract and philosophical ideas, whether in the realm of philosophy itself or in the creative expressions of literature and art.

Q-1. Who were the Metaphysical Poets?

 - The Metaphysical poets were a group of 17th-century English poets known for their distinctive style and subject matter. Some of the most prominent Metaphysical poets include:

 1. **John Donne (1572-1631)**: Often considered the founder of the Metaphysical school, Donne's poetry is characterized by its intellectual complexity, use of conceits (extended metaphors), and exploration of themes such as love, religion, and the relationship between the physical and spiritual worlds. Some of his notable works include "The Flea" and "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning."

    2. **George Herbert (1593-1633)**: Herbert's poetry is deeply religious and explores his faith and devotion to God. His collection "The Temple" is a significant work of Metaphysical poetry.

3. **Andrew Marvell (1621-1678)**: Marvell's poems often blend wit, satire, and metaphysical themes. His famous poem "To His Coy Mistress" is an example of his style.

4. **Richard Crashaw (1613-1649)**: Crashaw's poetry is known for its religious intensity and extravagant language. He wrote poems celebrating the Catholic faith during a time of religious turmoil in England.

  5. **Henry Vaughan (1621-1695)**: Vaughan's poetry, influenced by his own spiritual experiences, explores themes of nature, mysticism, and the soul's relationship with God.

   6. **Abraham Cowley (1618-1667)**: Cowley's works include both metaphysical poetry and prose essays. His poem "The Mistress" is a notable example of his poetry.

      These poets were characterized by their intellectual and philosophical approach to poetry, their use of complex metaphors and conceits, and their exploration of profound themes in their works. They often delved into matters of love, religion, mortality, and the human condition, employing wit and ingenious wordplay to convey their ideas.

1.1. Characteristics of Metaphysical Poetry

Metaphysical poetry is a distinctive literary style that emerged in 17th-century England. It is characterized by several key features and characteristics, which set it apart from other forms of poetry of the period. Here are the main characteristics of Metaphysical poetry:

1. **Intellectual Complexity**: Metaphysical poetry is known for its intellectual depth and complexity. The poets often grapple with profound philosophical and metaphysical ideas, such as the nature of reality, the relationship between the spiritual and the physical, and the mysteries of existence.

2. **Use of Conceits**: Conceits are extended metaphors or elaborate comparisons that form the basis of many Metaphysical poems. These conceits can be intricate and unconventional, drawing parallels between seemingly unrelated objects or ideas to explore complex themes.

3. **Wit and Wordplay**: Metaphysical poets are noted for their clever use of wit, wordplay, and paradox. They employ wordplay and unexpected turns of phrase to engage the reader's intellect and provoke thought.

4. **Exploration of Love**: Many Metaphysical poems explore the theme of love, but they do so in a unique and intellectual manner. Love is often examined in the context of spiritual or cosmic themes, and it may be depicted as both a physical and a metaphysical experience.

5. **Religious and Spiritual Themes**: A significant portion of Metaphysical poetry is devoted to religious and spiritual themes. The poets often grapple with questions of faith, salvation, and the relationship between God and humanity.

6. **Merging of the Profane and Sacred**: Metaphysical poets frequently blur the boundaries between the profane (worldly) and the sacred (spiritual). They explore how the physical and spiritual realms intersect and influence each other.

7. **Emotional Intensity**: While Metaphysical poetry is highly intellectual, it is not devoid of emotion. The poems can convey intense emotional experiences, but these emotions are often filtered through the lens of intellectual reflection.

8. **Irregular Meter and Rhyme**: Metaphysical poetry often employs irregular meter and rhyme schemes. The focus is on conveying complex ideas rather than adhering to strict poetic conventions.

9. **Surprising Imagery**: The poets use striking and sometimes shocking imagery to make their points. This imagery can be vivid and unconventional, designed to capture the reader's attention.

10. **Engagement with Contemporary Issues**: Some Metaphysical poems engage with social and political issues of the time, even as they explore profound metaphysical questions.

1.2. Examples of Metaphysical Poetry

- Prominent Metaphysical poets include John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvell, Richard Crashaw, and Henry Vaughan. These poets, with their distinctive style and intellectual depth, made a significant contribution to the development of English poetry during the 17th century.

Certainly, here are examples of Metaphysical poetry from some of the most well-known poets of that genre:

1. **John Donne**:

   - From "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning":

     - "Our two souls, therefore, which are one,

        Though I must go, endure not yet

        A breach, but an expansion,

        Like gold to airy thinness beat."

2. **George Herbert**:

   - From "The Collar":

     - "Love bade me welcome, yet my soul drew back,

        Guilty of dust and sin.

        But quick-ey'd Love, observing me grow slack

        From my first entrance in,

        Drew nearer to me, sweetly questioning

        If I lack'd anything."

3. **Andrew Marvell**:

   - From "To His Coy Mistress":

     - "Love you ten years before the Flood,

        And you should, if you please, refuse

        Till the conversion of the Jews."

4. **Richard Crashaw**:

   - From "The Flaming Heart":

     - "O Heart, the equal poise of Love's both parts,

        Big alike with wounds and darts,

        Live in these conquering leaves; live all the same,

        And walk through all tongues one triumphant flame."

5. **Henry Vaughan**:

   - From "The World":

     - "I saw Eternity the other night,

        Like a great Ring of pure and endless light,

        All calm, as it was bright."

- These examples demonstrate the characteristic features of Metaphysical poetry, such as intellectual complexity, the use of conceits (extended metaphors), exploration of profound themes, and a blend of the physical and spiritual. These poets often engage with love, religious and metaphysical themes, and use wit and paradox to convey their ideas.

Q-2. History of Metaphysical Poetry.

- The history of Metaphysical poetry can be traced to 17th-century England, where a group of poets, characterized by their distinctive style and intellectual depth, emerged. Here's a brief history of Metaphysical poetry:

**Late 16th Century - Precursors**:

- The roots of Metaphysical poetry can be found in the works of earlier poets like John Skelton and Sir Thomas Wyatt. These poets displayed elements of wit, wordplay, and complex thought that would become defining features of Metaphysical poetry.

**Early 17th Century - Emergence**:

- The term "Metaphysical" to describe a literary group was first coined by Samuel Johnson in the 18th century. However, it was John Donne who is often regarded as the pioneer of the Metaphysical style. Donne's poems, with their intricate conceits and intellectual exploration of love and spirituality, laid the foundation for the movement.

**Other Metaphysical Poets**:

- While Donne is the most prominent Metaphysical poet, there were several others who contributed to the movement. George Herbert, Andrew Marvell, Richard Crashaw, and Henry Vaughan are among the key figures. They all shared the Metaphysical style characterized by intellectual complexity and wit.

**Themes and Characteristics**:

- Metaphysical poetry explored a wide range of themes, including love, religion, spirituality, the relationship between the physical and metaphysical worlds, and the nature of existence. These themes were often intertwined in a single poem.

- The use of conceits, which are elaborate and extended metaphors, was a hallmark of Metaphysical poetry. These conceits were used to draw unexpected comparisons and explore complex ideas.

- The poets employed wit, wordplay, paradox, and vivid imagery to engage the reader's intellect and provoke thought.

- The blurring of boundaries between the profane and sacred, and the exploration of the interplay between the physical and spiritual, were recurring themes.

**Later 17th Century - Decline**:

- The Metaphysical style began to wane in popularity by the mid-17th century. The Restoration period brought a shift in literary tastes, and the metaphysical complexity of earlier poetry gave way to more straightforward and polished styles.

**18th Century - Reassessment**:

- Samuel Johnson's "Lives of the Poets" in the 18th century played a crucial role in reassessing and defining the Metaphysical poets as a distinct group in literary history.

**Legacy**:

- The influence of Metaphysical poetry can be seen in later poets such as Alexander Pope and the Romantic poets. While the Metaphysical movement itself was relatively short-lived, its impact on the development of English poetry was significant.

Metaphysical poetry remains an important and influential part of English literary history, known for its intellectual depth, wit, and exploration of profound themes. The poets associated with this movement continue to be studied and admired for their innovative and thought-provoking works.

Londonz 1802 Poem

Department of English, MKBU.

As being the Student of this College i am writing a blog on the given task based on the work of Willam Wordsworth"s poem London 1802.

London 1802

by: Willam Wordsworth

London, 1802 Poem 

        by: Willam Wordsworth 

            

Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour:

England hath need of thee: she is a fen

Of stagnant waters: altar, sword, and pen,

Fireside, the heroic wealth of hall and bower,

Have forfeited their ancient English dower

Of inward happiness. We are selfish men;

Oh! raise us up, return to us again;

And give us manners, virtue, freedom, power.

Thy soul was like a Star, and dwelt apart:

Thou hadst a voice whose sound was like the sea:

Pure as the naked heavens, majestic, free,

So didst thou travel on life's common way,

In cheerful godliness; and yet thy heart

The lowliest duties on herself did lay     

#London 1802 by willam wordsworth:

Summary :

The poem begins with Wordsworth addressing the spirit of the great English poet John Milton, who lived in the 17th century and authored works like "Paradise Lost." Wordsworthin expresses his longing for Milton's return to England, as he believes that England is a state of moral and spiritual decay in the year 1802.

Wordsworth laments the sorry state of England, which he describes as being overrun by materialism, corruption, and moral degradation. He contrasts this with the idealized image of Milton, whom he considers a paragon of virtue and poetic excellence. Wordsworth believes that Milton's spirit could serve as a guiding light to help restore England to its former glory.

The poem ends with Wordsworth expressing his hope that England will once again become a land of "noble natures, and pure joys," and that Milton's "soul" would be a source of inspiration for the people to lead them towards a better and more virtuous future.

In summary, "London, 1802" is a plea by Wordsworth for a return to the values and virtues he associates with England's past, with John Milton serving as an idealized symbol of that past. Wordsworth is critical of the contemporary state of his country and hopes for a revival of its moral and spiritual qualities.

London poem 1802

Analysis:Explanation Line by Line

1. "Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour:"

he speaker addresses John Milton, the renowned English poet of the 17th century, expressing the wish that he were alive in the speaker's time.

1. 2. "England hath need of thee: she is a fen"

   • The speaker asserts that England is in a state of decay or stagnation, likening it to a swamp or fen.

2. 3. "Of stagnant waters: altar, sword, and pen,"

   • The imagery of stagnant waters symbolizes the stagnation and lack of progress in England. The mention of "altar, sword, and pen" signifies various aspects of English society, including religion, military, and literature.

3. 4. "Fireside, the heroic wealth of hall and bower,"

   • The reference to the "fireside" and the "heroic wealth of hall and bower" represents domestic life and the traditional values associated with it.

4. 5. "Have forfeited their ancient English dower"

   • The poet suggests that these institutions and values have lost their original English qualities and have become diminished or corrupted.

5. 6. "Of inward happiness. We are selfish men;"

   • The people of England are described as selfish and lacking in true happiness.

6. 7. "Oh! raise us up, return to us again;"

   • The speaker implores Milton to come back to life and guide or inspire the people of England.

7. 8. "And give us manners, virtue, freedom, power."

   • The speaker asks Milton to instill in England qualities such as good manners, virtue, freedom, and strength.

8. 9. "Thy soul was like a Star, and dwelt apart:"

   • Here, the poet praises Milton's soul as being exceptional, like a distant star that stands out and is separate from the ordinary.

9. 10. "Thou hadst a voice whose sound was like the sea:"

   • Milton is admired for having a powerful and resonant voice, often compared to the vast and majestic sound of the sea.

10. 11. "Pure as the naked heavens, majestic, free,"

    • Milton's character is described as pure and majestic, akin to the clear and untainted sky.

11. 12. "So didst thou travel on life's common way,"

    • Despite his exceptional qualities, Milton lived a life that was ordinary and followed the path of the common man.

12. 13. "In cheerful godliness; and yet thy heart"

    • Milton's life was characterized by a joyful devotion to God and righteousness.

13. 14. "The lowliest duties on herself did lay."

• Milton was diligent in fulfilling even the humblest of duties and responsibilities.
• Conclusion:
• In this poem, the speaker yearns for the return of a figure like Milton, who possessed moral and intellectual greatness, in order to revitalize England and restore its values and virtues, which the speaker believes have declined over time. The poem is a call for a reawakening of
• national spirit and a return to the principles and qualities associated with England.
• #Major themes of Willam Wordsworth" London ,1802" Poem:

1.Nostalgia and Yearning for the Past: The poem is marked by a deep sense of nostalgia as the speaker yearns for a better England, one that existed in the past. The reference to the year "1802" suggests a longing for an earlier, more virtuous time.

1. 2. Idealization of the Past: The poem idealizes the England of John Milton's era (the 17th century). It portrays that period as a time of greater moral and spiritual values, contrasting it with the perceived moral decline of the contemporary London in 1802.

2. 3. Moral and Spiritual Decline: Wordsworth expresses concern about the moral and spiritual decline of society in his own time. He characterizes London in 1802 as a place of "stagnant waters" and suggests that the nation has lost its moral compass.

3. 4. Call for Restoration: A central theme of the poem is the call for the restoration of England's former greatness. The speaker implores John Milton, a revered poet and intellectual of the past, to come back to life and guide the English people, suggesting that through his influence, the nation can be renewed and its virtues restored.

4. 5. Power of Poetry and Literature: The poem underscores the power of literature and poetry to inspire change and renewal. It emphasizes the influence of great poets like Milton in shaping the values and identity of a nation.

5. 6. Individual and Collective Responsibility: Wordsworth stresses the responsibility of individuals, including poets, to contribute to the betterment of society. He suggests that even the "lowliest duties" should be embraced with dedication and integrity to effect positive change.

6. 7. National Identity: The poem grapples with questions of national identity and what it means to be English. It suggests that England's identity is rooted in its cultural and moral heritage, represented by figures like Milton.

7. 8. Cultural Continuity: Wordsworth highlights the idea of cultural continuity and the passing down of values and traditions from one generation to the next. He sees Milton as a symbol of this continuity.

- In summary, "London, 1802" is a poem that reflects Wordsworth's concerns about the moral and spiritual state of England in his time, juxtaposed with an idealized vision of the past. It is a call for a return to traditional values, a lament for the perceived decline of society, and an assertion of the enduring power of literature and individuals to effect positive change.

# Literary Devices of Willam Wordsworth London, 1802 Poem:

"London, 1802" by William Wordsworth employs several literary devices to convey its themes and emotions. Here are some of the key literary devices used in the poem: 1. **Allusion**: The poem makes a prominent use of allusion by referencing John Milton, a renowned English poet of the 17th century. Milton serves as a symbol of moral and intellectual greatness and is used as a reference point for the poem's themes. 2. **Imagery**: Imagery is used to create vivid mental pictures. Phrases like "stagnant waters," "altar, sword, and pen," and "Pure as the naked heavens" paint visual and sensory images that help convey the poem's message. 3. **Metaphor**: The poem contains metaphorical language to compare and contrast different aspects of England's past and present. For example, England is described as a "fen of stagnant waters," likening it to a swamp, and Milton's soul is compared to a star. 4. **Simile**: The poem employs similes to make comparisons. An example is the line "Thou hadst a voice whose sound was like the sea," where Milton's voice is compared to the majestic sound of the sea. 5. **Personification**: There is an element of personification in the line "And give us manners, virtue, freedom, power," where abstract concepts like manners and virtue are personified as if they can be granted by a person. 6. **Repetition**: The poem uses repetition of phrases and words for emphasis. The repetition of "Thou shouldst be living at this hour" at the beginning of the poem reinforces the speaker's longing for Milton's presence. 7. **Enjambment**: Enjambment is used throughout the poem, with lines flowing into the next without a pause. This creates a sense of continuity and urgency in the speaker's plea. 8. **Symbolism**: John Milton is used as a symbol in the poem, representing the ideals of moral and intellectual greatness from the past that the speaker wishes to see restored. 9. **Irony**: There is an element of irony in the poem, as the speaker acknowledges Milton's virtuous qualities while simultaneously lamenting the lack of such virtues in his own time. 10. **Oxymoron**: The phrase "cheerful godliness" contains an oxymoron, juxtaposing cheerfulness and godliness to highlight Milton's unique character. 11. **Hyperbole**: Hyperbole is used when the speaker describes Milton's voice as being "like the sea," emphasizing its power and grandeur. - These literary devices contribute to the overall impact and effectiveness of the poem, helping to convey the speaker's longing for a better England and the need for moral and spiritual renewal.